On Mining Energy, Chinese Coal and Wisconsin Wind

Well, what with all that has been going on in the world recently I haven't posted much about technology at the weekends for a while. There has, however, been the odd comment about the energy costs of mining and how these are inevitably going to go up, as the resource base gets a little smaller. So I thought, since we try to be a fact-based site here, that I would give you a little homework to amuse you for a few moments and perhaps show you why there are ways in which mining can be made less energy expensive than it currently is. You will need a matchbox (or similar rectangular object of about that size), a cake and a knife (who said science couldn't be fun).
When we first started doing these technical talks (and I say we since Stuart is also now putting some of his posts together in the same way), I mentioned that as you go deeper into the ground, the pressure on the rock goes up by about one pound per square inch (psi), for every foot that you go deeper. This is based on a simple approximation that the weight of the rock is 144 lb/cu.ft., which is a reasonable first assumption. So as you go deeper into the ground the weight of the overlying rock, which is often called the overburden pressure, goes up. Let us say that we are about a thousand feet down (an average depth for many mines), then the background overpressure would be 1,000 psi. But, because we have driven a tunnel into the rock, the rock on either side of the tunnel (or drill hole) also has to carry the weight of the rock that used to rest on the rock where the tunnel is. So the pressure on that rock might be double the normal pressure, or say 2,000 psi. This overpressure makes it harder to break the rock, by quite a significant amount.

To illustrate the point you need the matchbox. Put it on the table with the long axis vertical. Now take your finger and push it over. Notice how little force it took to push it over. Now put the matchbox back where it was, lean some of your weight on it with one hand, and try pushing it over with the other. It becomes a bit more difficult and takes a bit more force.

In most cases when breaking rock underground the rock is confined by the roof and floor, and under the overburden pressure I mentioned. It is therefore harder to break out, just as moving the matchbox was. But if the rock is cut, at edge of the hole, then that rock cannot carry the weight of the overlying rock (the pressure moves further into the wall) and now the rock is like the matchbox without any weight on it, and it becomes a lot easier to break.

How much easier? Well when this idea was tested in drilling holes for oilwells, it more than doubled the speed at which the drill could penetrate the rock in most rock types, in some cases giving more than a three-fold increase. It is still not very widely used, for a variety of reasons, but does indicate one way in which technology can advance - since it also works when grinding coal from the rock face in mining minerals.

Which brings me to the second, tastier, example. You have the cake, and a knife, cut yourself a piece of cake. If you are a normal person, then you take the knife, make two cuts, one on either side of the piece of cake that you want to eat, and then pick the piece out of the cake in a single gesture. Eat and enjoy!

But in normal mining practice the rock is broken in a different way. To illustrate this, go back to the cake and take the knife, and to remove the next slice, start chopping the side of the cake in pieces no bigger than about 1/8th of an inch. Notice two things. Firstly it is taking a lot longer, and a lot more energy to break the cake into these smaller pieces, and secondly you are starting to make a bit of a mess. You then have to pick up the cake and eat it. Notice that it gets harder to collect all the fragments, and to pick them up and eat them.

To take this analogy one step further, let the cake have a layer of cream in the middle. Let us assume that the cream layer is the valuable mineral (gold occurs like this in South Africa). Now if we want to separate the gold from the cake, with normal mining practice we chop up the cake into little bits again, then we have to wash off each particle of cake to separate the cream so that we can eat it.

However, if we took our finger (Miss Manners not being around) and ran it along the cream layer, we could get the cream out without having to move the rest of the cake. Until we reached a point our finger couldn't go any deeper. Then we would have to take away some of the cake. But if we only wanted the cream, then we could cut big slabs of the cake away and leave them beside where we were digging out the cream, without having to gather them up and carry them away.

No, they are not doing much of that either, but this example tries to show that there are, for some ores, ways of mining out the valuable layers within the rock mass, at a lower energy cost than grinding the full face into little bits, and then carrying them all away.

There are other approaches that can be carried out to lower energy costs of mining, in most cases there hasn't been the need to think about these since energy costs have been low, but now that costs are going up, were there that many excavation engineers around the world, then some of these may well be implemented in the years ahead.

I noticed that there was a long article today on coal mining in China in the NYT. It discusses some of the energy pollution problems that this is generating for the world, though it also does make a token nod in the direction of global dimming though in a slightly deceptive way.

The sulfur pollution is so pervasive as to have an extraordinary side effect that is helping the rest of the world, but only temporarily: It actually slows global warming. The tiny, airborne particles deflect the sun's hot rays back into space.

But the cooling effect from sulfur is short-lived. By contrast, the carbon dioxide emanating from Chinese coal plants will last for decades, with a cumulative warming effect that will eventually overwhelm the cooling from sulfur and deliver another large kick to global warming, climate scientists say. A warmer climate could lead to rising sea levels, the spread of tropical diseases in previously temperate climes, crop failures in some regions and the extinction of many plant and animal species, especially those in polar or alpine areas.

Note that, as long as the power plants are operating the particles will still be generated, so their short atmospheric life individually, does not affect the sustained cooling that they achieve. And also note that there are no positive aspects given to global warming. (Such as the greening of the Sahara). But then all reporters are unbiased (grin). In which vein, I did note comments which are also inherent in this story, that mines always leave a permanent scar on the landscape and copious pollution. I suspect, for many who hold those views, that I could stand them near mine site after mine site that has been restored, defy them to tell me where the mine was, and would still be unable to change their minds. So that's why this post has another major theme.

But along the same vein, and for those who see wind as a help in meeting future energy needs, there is bad news in that wind power projects are being halted in the Midwest. There are a couple of interesting points to the story. The first is that the hold has been applied by the DoD, who need to determine whether wind turbines interfere with military radar. This may mean that the hold could be around for a while.

This spring, facilities in the works in North Dakota, South Dakota, Illinois and Wisconsin received "proposed hazard" letters from the Federal Aviation Administration saying the projects must be halted pending the Defense Department study.
However, on the other hand, the article points to the growing popularity of wind turbines, and the economic return that they can bring to a farmer.
The FAA has received more than 4,100 wind turbine applications so far this year, compared with about 4,300 in 2005 and 1,982 in 2004. An offshore wind farm of as many as 170 turbines is planned in the Gulf of Mexico off South Padre Island, Tex. The $2 billion project will generate enough electricity for 125,000 homes. At meetings in Madison, Wis., and Toledo this month, industry and government officials will discuss an offshore wind farm in the Great Lakes. . . . . . . . . A farmer who has a turbine on their land gets $4,000 to $5,000 per year for that turbine.

In which vein, I did note comments which are also inherent in this story, that mines always leave a permanent scar on the landscape and copious pollution. I suspect, for many who hold those views, that I could stand them near mine site after mine site that has been restored, defy them to tell me where the mine was, and would still be unable to change their minds.

I guess all those mountain tops that had been dumped into rivers and streams were put back into their original mountain shapes, the rivers restored to their original beauty, the fish kept to one side and then returned, the animals likewise, the leachate all carefully collected then returned to the mountain. Yeah, those pesky environmentalists, always wanting the good-hearted miners to restore the environment. Well, pesky environmentalist, just look at this park-like setting that used to be a wilderness area, a place where black bear roamed, trout were found, we made it even better. See, there's a golf course, and a municipal dump and a housing development consisting of McMansions, replete with McDonald's.

The American swoons. "Why THANK YOU, Mr. Miner!!! You make my heart go all atwitter when you show them pesky environmentalists just how much you care!!!"

<rant>sounds like those pesky coal mine owners in the US have a few friends at the DOD...or aren't those brown skies interfering with the optical acquisition of Targets? Seriously, Exxon was born from the unholy union of Standard of New Jersey (Esso), the Humble Company and Carter Oil. Carter owned more coal reserves than anybody except Peabody, and thus Global Warming is refuted by campaign donations to the Bushes.
I've been wondering about the effect on the ground water at reclaimed strip mines. I know the surface can look the same especially if it was farmed before. Anybody ever try to drill a water well on reclaimed land?
I have gone swimming in stripper pits, back in the bad old days before they filled 'em in. I can tell you this: we were not bothered by mosquitoes. The pH of the water was about 2.0 by my guesstimation. It was green, not from algae but from FeSO4, and nothing grew in it.
Wasn't it unpleasant swimming in that sour water?
On the other hand, the rare earth magnets in your hard drive came from moving those mountains and killing those fish.

I was raised in an area that was mined without any environmental controls in the early 1900's.  The area was left cratered and desolate, with the river running bright orange every spring from the mine runoff.  It took a century for the wildlife to come back.  Of course looks can be deceiving, since the area is still toxic to human.  My home town is a cancer node and I've watched about a  lot of people die horrible deaths.

As long as we live in an industrial civilization there will be mining.  

Oaksmoke: Don't know anyone who lives on the old mine sites, but the minerals that drew the miners in the first place tend to end up in the drinking water even in undisturbed areas.

Sooner or later, there will be no more hard drives.  But fortunately, fish DNA will have survived, and the fish will be back.  

Civilization was a lot of fun while it lasted.

Rare earth magnets are not strictly speaking required for hard disks, are they?
Talk about deceptive!!  Thanks for enlightening us as to how great a job has been done reclaiming the coal mining areas of America.  Coal is causing death and destruction all over China and will cause global warming to go completely out of control and we are supposed to get excited by the supposed greening of the Sahara.  Tell that to the Inuit.  Tell that to all the high altitude species which will die at high altitudes. And will this balance out all the land lost along our coastlines.

On the bright side, I will not live along enough to fully experience this hell hole we used to call the earth.  

I was actually born and raised in the area just north of Newcastle in England.  When I went to work I went by bus past large hills of waste.  I have posted before of smogs so thick I could not see my hand in front of my face, and the buildings were black, and soot fell on the washing on the line.  That was the way it was. For many folk at the time you worked at the mine, because that was where the work was.

The land has been restored, the air is much cleaner, and the buildings have also been cleaned and restored.  I can remember, at the pub, men talking about the wonder of being paid almost as much to work at the local chocolate factory as they had been paid at the pit, and being able to see the sun between Sunday and Friday. I have posted pictures, and could also post pictures from the hills were my great . . .great grandparents mined which are now considered to be moorland to be protected from the ugliness of wind turbines.

There are parts of southern Illinois where houses are built and orchards grow on the old spoil banks, and fish are found in the water that fills the valleys between them.

I am aware of the problems that exist in China, which is in many ways going through the issues that confronted Europe after the second World War, when nations had to be brought back from the destruction of that war.

However, to neglect the strides that have been made from those times, and the technologies and legislation that now significantly reduces the long-term impacts of mining is to deny reality. The Chinese Government recognizes that they have problems, and are working to solve the problem, but in the present situation the demands for energy to build the plants that supply the rest of the world with cheaper goods, is driven to a level that limits what they can do.

And while coal is part of their answer they are also aligning supplies of oil and natural gas into the future, that while improving their environment, concurrently reduce the supplies that are going to be available to the United States, and Europe. It is a concern that I have posted about before, and will likely again.

China also has a long list of hydroelectric projects that they want to build as well as 30 nuclear power plants.  And a few wind turbines as an experiment/to gain experience.

With these, China can, I think, reduce their reliance on coal.

At the moment Chinese reliance on coal is actually increasing, and there's no sign of that trend reversing.
I'm not trying to be insolent, just curious, could you post a couple of data points for that trend thing -- it only takes two data points to make a line :-)  We love data in TOD don't we?
I'll get back to you next Monday with the new BP energy review, too lazy at the moment :-)
Chongqing, the sprawling municipality at the upstream end of the Three Gorges reservoir, has revealed a plan to build two big dams on the main channel of the Yangtze River, the Chongqing Morning Post (Chongqing chenbao) reported yesterday [Mar 21].

If approved, the Zhuyangxi and Xiaonanhai hydropower projects would bring to four the number of dams spanning the central section of China's longest river.

Gezhouba, completed in 1988, was the first dam to block the Yangtze. Forty kilometres further upstream, construction of the concrete dam at the Three Gorges project, which stretches for 2.3 kilometres across the river, is to be
completed in May. (All parts of the mammoth project are due to be finished by 2009.)

Cai Qihua, director of the Changjiang [Yangtze] Water Resources Commission, recently led an inspection tour to the proposed Xiaonanhai and Zhuyangxi dam sites, the Chongqing Morning Post reported. Xiaonanhai is located 40 kilometres upstream of metropolitan Chongqing (and 650 kilometres upstream of the Three Gorges dam), while Zhuyangxi is 140 km upstream of Chongqing.

The design institute of the CWRC, which was also the principal designer of the Three Gorges project, has begun doing design work on both of the proposed new dams.

Xiaonanhai, the smaller of the two projects, with one gigawatt of installed generating capacity, would be built first, China News Service (Zhongxinshe) reported. Zhuyangxi would have a generating capacity of 3 gigawatts, cost US$3.75 billion, and be built between 2009 and 2016, the Chongqing Morning Post reported.

At least 21 large dams are also planned or under construction on the Jinsha River, as the upper Yangtze is called. The four biggest projects (Xiluodu, Xiangjiaba, Baihetan and Wudongde) are being constructed by the company building the Three Gorges dam, and are slated to have a combined installed capacity of 38.5 gigawatts, twice that of Three Gorges.

Apart from producing power, the four dams are designed to tackle a serious problem facing the Three Gorges reservoir: They are supposed to help block silt and prevent a dangerous buildup of sediment behind the Three Gorges dam.

The construction of more than 100 large dams on the upper Yangtze has already worsened the flood risk on the river, a Chinese expert told the Fourth World Water Forum in Mexico City yesterday [Mar 21].  

Cheng Xiaotao of the Beijing-based China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research said the dams were causing longer-lasting and higher floods.

He advocated shifting from flood control to the non-structural approaches of flood management.
(World Water Forum Bulletin, Mar 22)

Fact box: YANGTZE / JINSHA DAMS

YANGTZE: Two dams currently span the river.Plans for two more have just been announced
Dam Location Size (GW) Status
Gezhouba Hubei 2.7 built
Three Gorges Hubei 18.2 under construction/being commissioned
Zhuyangxi Chongqing 3 proposed
Xiaonanhai  Chongqing 1 proposed

JINSHA: Below, five of the more than 20 large dams planned for the Jinsha (as the Yangtze is called upstream of Chongqing municipality)

Dam Location Size (GW) Status
Xiluodu Sichuan/Yunnan 12.6 under construction
Xiangjiaba Sichuan/Yunnan 6 under construction
Baihetan Sichuan/Yunnan 12.5 site preparation
Wudongde Sichuan/Yunnan 7.4 site preparation
Hutiaoxia (Tiger Leaping Gorge) Yunnan 2.8 designed

(As a frame of reference, 1 GW = an average nuclear plant, although hydro typically has a significantly lower capacity factor.  I suspect that many existing Chinese coal plants will be run seasonally (in the winter) when demand is higher and and water flow typically lowest once thes edams are completed + 30 nukes).

Younger people on TOD probably never saw the stunning movie "How Green Was My Valley", but it can be picked up on DVD. It was filmed in 1941, in black & white. Still a great film about the deteriorating environment in a coal-mining town in Wales. Take a look at the Internet Movie Database:

http://imdb.com/title/tt0033729/

Yep, no question, there were strip mines in southern Illinois that were successfully reclaimed. I had a friend who bought some played out mines and did the reclamation. I was down there myself a week here a month there. It was a positive experience, gratifying, and profitable. My friend Gary has had his ears open for the last 30 years for another project that just might be possible. There ain't one.
Go to West Virginia and see the mountain top removal. There is no reclaiming that. You view that landscape and you can only contemplate the active presence of evil.
Why anyone is susceptible to coal PR entirely escapes me.
Why anyone is susceptible to coal PR entirely escapes me.

Why all humans have brains that evolved from those of primitive and frightened ancestors into ones that are easily bent by Madison Avenue escapes me at times too. (Psst, is that second guy in line a terrorist? And who does that first guy think he is?)


(Forgive them, they know not what they are.)

I'd love to design a school curriculum that included a form of a "self-help" course -- say, a little bit like Tony Robbins or Stephen Covey.  I'd think that a course like that would be immensely popular and useful.
If this 'self help' involves having 7 children like Stephen Covey, then it might be a bad idea:-(
Teaching kids how to have children is definitely NOT what I'm talking about!
Your evolutionary research is a bit dated...


Yea, I saw the more advanced one later and was going to post it except that too many TODers are going to identify with, and be offended by, the hunched ape on the right.

Also the picture of Homo Non-Erectus-againus is missing the oil barrel powering his computer and his mobile home. :-)

Thanks for this revealing comment.  Clearly HO has no idea what s/he is talking about, and the fact that s/he never said that those successful reclamation efforts applied to all mining sites makes no difference whatsoever.

For those reading this who were born without the sarcasm detection gene, that first part was, indeed, sarcasm.

Of course we've done a hell of a lot of damage with mining.  Only a moron would claim otherwise.  But only someone equally (and perhaps willfully) out of touch with reality would suggest that ALL mining has such a horrible environmental impact.

But I suppose that really wasn't your intent, was it?  You just wanted to manufacture a chance to hold your breath and kick your feet and throw a little anti-American tantrum in the middle of a serious discussion.  By all means, continue; I'm the last person to try to stifle someone else.  But I've reached my limit with this kind of mindless BS, so I will fight back as the spirit moves me.  

Of course we've done a hell of a lot of damage with mining.  Only a moron would claim otherwise.  But only someone equally (and perhaps willfully) out of touch with reality would suggest that ALL mining has such a horrible environmental impact.

From all I've read about mining and the mining propaganda, there are apparently lots of morons claiming otherwise.

You may be right that this is a rant, but my own opinion, based on a fairly considerable amount of reading on the subject, is that the efforts to mine and reclaim in an environmentally sound way are being massively eclipsed by the 'devil take the hindmost' approach to mining. This applies to other extractive industries as well. It is difficult not to feel the revulsion when seeing this happen and seeing the Bush administration supporting this kind of destructiveness in a big, big way. The trend IMO is not only bad on a worldwide scale, but extremely bad. My little voice and even littler vote do basically squat to change this.

because of this article i have lost all respect for you heading-out.

re-claimed mine land: you don't seem to get the point that even re-claimed the land is not even a fraction of what it once was. i have seen pictures, what was once forest becomes life-less park land with a few trees scattered about in semi grid like pattern or they just make it grass land while zoning it for development.

as for your global warming comment, you have to be absolutely nuts to think a little bit more farm-able land in a desert is worth more then all the other farm-able land which will disappear along with the death of millions of people etc.

[rant warning]
on a side note, after reading some of the purposed solutions  to many of our problems 'global warming, po, etc' i am starting to think that to save the health of the planet we might have to be taken out or reduced in population by about 90%. i shudder when i think of what will happen after we do any of the following.

massive dumping of chemicals to encourage algae growth to suck up c02.

massive seeding of the air with particulate matter to block out sunlight.

building 'artificial trees' to suck up c02 while not giving out all the good things that trees give us.


TrueKiaser...

You said, "because of this article i have lost all respect for you heading-out."

Your remark, "on a side note, after reading some of the purposed solutions  to many of our problems 'global warming, po, etc' i am starting to think that to save the health of the planet we might have to be taken out or reduced in population by about 90%..."

And a remark like that surely causes me to have some doubts about respect for you...

The way in which the environmental/peak oil people talk so easily about "taking out" human beings is causing many people who understand the seriousness of these issues to begin to distance themselves from the so called "peak" movement.....I recently made a statement, and everyone here seemed to pretend to very conveniently not understand what I meant....I said that I had sent a friend to some of the Peak Oil sites, including TOD, and that he had unfortunately read some of the type of posts that that are most horrifying in their implications....he told me that thank you, but he would prefer not to read what he called "eugenics by way of fuel shortage."

There is a need for some small resemblence to sanity in what we say, and the understanding that what is sometimes said almost "on a side note" has much more terrifying implications than the result of "Peak Oil" itself....

I once read a great thought by a petroleum geologist who understood the peak oil issue very clearly, and accepted the premise.  He said..
The danger is not in peak oil itself however, but that we will do something very foolish in reaction to it."

Roger Conner  known to you as ThatsItImout

 

Can I second the motion of ThatsItImout?  While I'm not impressed with mining companies (most of them damage their local environment significantly and some do it disastrously), I find the "dieoff" brigade to be both morally repugnant and intellectually blinkered.  I sincerely hope TrueKaiser isn't a member.

So, here are some things to think about:

  1. The US is by far the most energy inefficient country on Earth, particularly in the use of oil.  Merely bringing the US into line with per capita oil consumption in the European Union (not exactly a starvation diet) would result in a major fall in US oil consumption and change the global production/depletion equation considerably.  It is therefore unsound to generalise from US experience to the world.

  2. There's no way that renewable sources will give us as much energy as now provided by fossil fuels and, as many people here have observed, peak uranium is not that far off either (and a damn good thing, too, in my book).  On the other hand, what should be looked at for the long term is the eventual total sustainable global per capita production of renewable energy.  Other sources (e.g. oil, coal, etc) should be seen as a transition bank.  The sooner we get working on building the renewable energy economy, the less pain there will be in the transition.

  3. It might just be that we'll have to go back to the per capita energy consumption of (say) the 1920s if we are to live in a sustainable society.  That may provide some difficulties, but it wouldn't be the end of the world.  Further, it will not simply be a matter of winding back the clock.  It should also be considered that many industrial processes are far more efficient & less polluting (per unit of production) than they were back then.  And, finally, many inventions and medical discoveries have been made since then, and many of them will be sustainable in a low energy future.

  4. People who talk about a population explosion and geometric increases in the world population are out of date.  Here in Australia, it is commonly discussed in the media that population growth is slowing around the world and the global population will max out at around 9 billion in about 2050.  In industrialised countries, the ones that consume most energy & other resources, the process is more advanced.  The population of Japan is peaking this year, most EU countries will peak very soon if they haven't already, and Russia is in free fall.  Even in the poorest Third World countries, the birth rate is steadily trending down and has been for decades.  Yes, the sheer size of the human population is a problem and it's going to get worse before it gets better, but get better it will.

  5. Current socio-economic & geographical development patterns in the US are a product of the existing political structure.  Even from here in Australia, I can tell that the US political establishment (i.e. the existing system of two parties, both of which are deeply linked to the major corporations) is "on the nose", as we say here, with the vast bulk of the population.  Bush, for example, only got re-elected because his opponent stood for nothing.  When the world wakes up to Peak Oil (which it will, sooner or later - facts are stubborn things), the political credibility of the entire establishment, and not just that of Bush & his Big Oil buddies, will be abolished - totally.  A new political force will arise, putting forward a program to deal with the crisis, and the Republicrats (not my invention, but I like the word) will be history.  I can't name that force from this distance, but with the old establishment swept out of the way, many currently "impossible" things will be possible and some reality-based adaptation to Peak Oil & Global Warming will be begun.

  6. In the rest of the world, or at least most of it, Peak Oil will have a less drastic effect than in the US.  We aren't so deeply entrenched in the car culture, the corporations have somewhat less influence, and we don't suffer from the particular patterns of racism that create inner urban ghettoes and generate "white flight" to often gated communities in the suburbs & exurbs (there's plenty of racism outside the US, but the patterns are different - check out the Paris riots in November last year).

  7. Food production is often cited as a problem by the "dieoff" brigade.  This assumes that agriculture everywhere is the same as in the US.  It isn't.  In other countries, agriculture is a lot less energy intensive.  Further, there are many Third World countries where food production has dropped markedly because of imports of subsidised US products.  Mexico is one.  If the US has to cut production greatly because of energy shortages, it will turn from a food exporter to a food importer - but there are many countries which could fill the gap.  Finally, in many Third World countries, much land is now given over to non-food crops for export to industrialised countries.  If the markets for the non-food crops disappear, this land will be put back to use growing food.

  8. The world will survive Peak Oil.  The human race will, as well.  If we wake up to ourselves in time, we will still have a pretty good life.  Peak Oil will help us wake up and the other fossil fuels will provide the transition bank to manage the change.
1. The US is by far the most energy inefficient country on Earth

The standard retort to this line of argument was that the U.S. consumed 25% of the world's energy but produced 30% or so of world output.  With the rise of emerging markets over the past few years, the U.S. dropped to about 22% of world output.  Still, using 25% of the world's energy to produce 22% of world output isn't so bad.  Anyhow, on a per GDP basis I thought that lots of countries had higher energy consumption per unit of GDP, like China.  Doesn't this depend on how you measure efficiency?
2.There's no way that renewable sources will give us as much energy as now provided by fossil fuels

That's not what scientists say about concentrated solar power (CSP aka Stirling Engines).  Here's a quote "The southwest region of the United States is ideally suited for this [CSP]. In fact, a solar farm 100 miles by 100 miles could satisfy 100% of the America's annual electrical needs." (www.stirlingenergy.com)

The standard retort to this line of argument was that the U.S. consumed 25% of the world's energy but produced 30% or so of world output.  With the rise of emerging markets over the past few years, the U.S. dropped to about 22% of world output.  Still, using 25% of the world's energy to produce 22% of world output isn't so bad.

How much of the output is driving back and forth while becomming obese?

Exactly 16.178251% of it!  :-)

I use the phrase "standard retort" on purpose -- not a lot of countries are buying our "output".

... as you go deeper into the ground, the pressure on the rock goes up by about one pound per square inch (psi), for every foot that you go deeper.

HO, this reminds me of a question I've pondered about since KatRita last fall: if the production platform has been torn from a well that is at the bottom of the GoM, how do they prevent oil and gas from just spewing from the open pipe? How does that technology work?

There is a "fail-safe" valve in the well bore that "senses" unrestricted flow and closes shut.

As explained to me MANY years ago.

The coal disconnect continues. Simultaneously we have the views
coal = jobs and families     and
coal = climate change
For example the Australian state of Queensland prides itself on coal production http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/mines/coal/ while  grappling with severe water shortages http://au.news.yahoo.com/060611/21/zc6g.html so bad that one town may end up recycling sewage water ie drinking its own pee.
I've said many times on my own site and over at dailyKos that the real question regarding coal (especially in the US where we have so much of it) is not whether we'll use it, or whether we'll use it in new ways (CTL, mostly), but whether we will find the political will to ensure that we use it cleanly.

Coal is only as clean or dirty as the methods we choose to exploit it.  Currently, the US produces an ungodly amount of CO2 from butning coal, just under 2,100 million metric tons in 2004 alone.  (Source: DOE Annual Energy Review, table 12.3.)

Energy conservation isn't the only place where there's a lot of low-hanging fruit.

while  grappling with severe water shortages ... so bad that one town may end up recycling sewage water ie drinking its own pee.

I would just like to point out that fish also shit... and we drink that after treatment! ;-)


or as the great W.C. Fields once said, "I never drink water.  Fish live in it, and God knows what else they do in there..."

Thus, he insisted that his drinking products had past through a distillery first!

 :-)

Roger Conner  known to you as ThatsItImout

Singapore already recycles wastewater for industrial uses. These articles say it is not for drinking at this point.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEWater

http://www.ecologyasia.com/news-archives/2003/feb-03/straitstimes_030222_1.htm

[...] so bad that one town may end up recycling sewage water ie drinking its own pee.

This isn't that big a leap from the status quo where the town/city downriver typically reuses the effluent from its upstream neighbours.

Frankly, recycling sewage water makes a lot more sense to me than the status quo. Then again, I no longer produce blackwater when I'm at home and instead produce a useful product with what would otherwise become society's liability (http://weblife.org/humanure/default.html).

Of course, some of these super-eco-friendly in-house water treatment systems are such energy pigs that it would make more sense to forego reuse altogether. It's not easy being green.

A benefit to global warming is going to be the "greening of the Sahara"???  Wow, that's fantastic!!  At what level of CO2 is this going to begin, I don't want to miss it!  It should be getting greener already, shouldn't it?  And where are the seeds going to come from, and the water, and the nutrients, and, and, and...
But thanks for the tip, I'll contact my realtor and see if he can set me up with a nice little lettuce farm in the middle of the Sahara in a few years.
Really now, is the TOD or The Onion???
Well you could try this prediction or this report , which would seem to indicate that very thing is not only possible, but potentially already starting to happen.

If you are planning on moving to Chad, you should know that

There are three basic types of land tenure in Chad. The first is collective ownership by villages of croplands in their environs. In principle, such lands belong to a village collectively under the management of the village chief or the traditional chef des terres (chief of the lands). Individual farmers hold inalienable and transmittable use rights to village lands, so long as they, their heirs, or recognized representatives cultivate the land. Outsiders can farm village lands only with the authorization of the village chief or chef des terres. Renting village farmlands is possible in some local areas but is not traditional practice. Private ownership is the second type of tenure, applied traditionally to the small plots cultivated in wadis or oases. Wells belong to individuals or groups with rights to the land. Ownership of fruit trees and date palms in the oases is often separate from ownership of the land; those farmers who plant and care for trees own them. State ownership is the third type, primarily for large enterprises such as irrigation projects. Under the management of parastatal or government employees, farmers enter into contractual arrangements, including paying fees, for the use of state lands and the benefits of improved farming methods.
However you can be assured that
The arable land figure has shown a gradual increase since 1961.
I think everyone can agree that there will be winners and losers in the climate change game, especially over the long term.   It is not the end of the world, indeed the world has undergone much more drastic and rapid climate change than we are imposing on it now.  That being said at those times we were not attempting to feed and shelter 6.5 billion humans.   So far there has been little action on the logistical, economic and political realities of changes in agricultural capabilities due to climate shift.  Without these underlying plans it is certainly possible to envision large famine conditions as we attempt to shift our production in light of the new realities.  Current grain stocks are not so great.  Maybe it won't hit the US so bad because we will have the economics to deal with it.  But we also need to realize we are one of the winners of the current climate setup, it is hard to improve from here.
I think everyone can agree that there will be winners and losers in the climate change game, especially over the long term.   It is not the end of the world, indeed the world has undergone much more drastic and rapid climate change than we are imposing on it now.  That being said at those times we were not attempting to feed and shelter 6.5 billion humans.   So far there has been little action on the logistical, economic and political realities of changes in agricultural capabilities due to climate shift.  Without these underlying plans it is certainly possible to envision large famine conditions as we attempt to shift our production in light of the new realities.  Current grain stocks are not so great.  Maybe it won't hit the US so bad because we will have the economics to deal with it.  But we also need to realize we are one of the winners of the current climate setup, it is hard to improve from here.
There's considerable uncertainty in predictions of rainfall for the Sahel region, as discussed in a 2001 paper in Climate Research by Mike Hulme and colleagues. Models of that time didn't reproduce the historical rainfall data for the last few decades, which show drying over the Sahel through the mid-1990s. I've read that the last five years' research hasn't improved the picture all that much, with authors urging caution over assigning greening in the Sahel since the 1990s to greenhouse gas-related causes.
Shall we give HO the benefit of the doubt and argue that the "benefit" of global warming statement is just being provocative?

When you say the Sahara is getting greener, in fact you mean the Sahel... which is the region to the north of the tropical zone but south of the actual "desert".
And as cautioned in your first link The Gaurdian

Professor Haarsma cautioned against reading too much into the new results. The computer models were simple and did not include confounding factors like vegetation.

... "This looks like an interesting study. However, the conclusion that Sahellian rainfall will increase under climate change must be considered as highly uncertain. Models differ in their predictions, with about as many showing decreases in rainfall as increases."

The second link New Scientist cites...

a team of geographers from Britain, Sweden and Denmark has spent the summer re-examining archive satellite images taken across the Sahel. Andrew Warren of University College London told New Scientist that the unpublished analysis shows that "vegetation seems to have increased significantly" in the past 15 years

Note: Sahel and unpublished. Bold emphasis mine.

So, indeed we can speculate that that the Sahel is getting greener, ie some more water. But to imply that this "greening"  somehow produces whole swathes of productive land is a stretch. Almost as good as Lomberg citing plantations as forests. As the Guardian article you cite states, there is confusion over the meaning of this. Is it the rain, or is it changing farming practices to preserve the soil (that was blowing away before)?

NOW add to this the hypothesis that the effect of climate change is to push the arid zones north and south, and you find stories like Scorched earth from The Guardian. Where the concern is that Southern Europe is facing more severe and frequent drought conditions... exacerbated by societies "...insatiable appetite for golf, swimming pools and freshly picked salads."

Alarm bells are ringing. In France last week, the environment minister Nelly Olin called the situation "very tense and fragile", as more than half the country's departments put restrictions on water use and the government considered closing some nuclear and hydroelectric plants; the Portuguese government has declared that 97% of of the country is experiencing "severe" drought conditions and yesterday said that it may declare a public disaster; the EU, meanwhile, says that cereal production will fall by more than 20m tonnes this year.

So, to call these changes a benefit is I think unhelpful pot stirring.  Is it really a benefit that less productive soil in the Sahel (the local advantage not withstanding) is put into production while rich soil becomes unproductive? What of those Nuclear Power plants? Have to have that safe supply of cooling water ready - or are we going to rely on oceanic desalination for that?

Now extend this scenario to the rest of the world?  If the arid zone moves north in the US what then for your rich farmland? What of the Australian wheat zone if it moves south? What of the changes in water supply in all of these regions?  If the snow falls further north in North America, will the US have sufficient irrigation flows? Or will it drain to the north thru Canada?  In the more arid regions of the US what does this mean for the US Ogallala Aquifer?

From an Australian perspective, the prospect of increased extremes and variability of rainfall (see chapter 4)is not something I would consider a benefit... the increaed rainfall is just as likely to erode the thin soils we have as to provide some kind of miraculous "desert blooming" scenario. The ramifications of the radical landscape modification and the resultant salinity and water problems in some areas is a lesson still being learnt in this country.

Last sentence should read ...
The ramifications of radical landscape modification and the resultant salinity... etc.
Just like to add two articles from CSM related to this.
Caveats and cautions apply as usual.
Tropics are expanding, study finds
To track global warming, watch the water flow
AND
US EPA  Influencing Factors
Note: "Thus, drier conditions may occur in many of the world's most important agriculture regions, a consequence that could have great practical importance." Also note the areas of uncertain knowledge.
The reason for the wind farm block is to stop the offshore development at the Cape

http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0605310078may31,1,7557291.story?coll=chi-classifi edjobs-hed

We musn't interfere with their view, even at the cost of shutting down wind energy for the whole country.

http://confusedtrucker.blogspot.com/2006/06/what-a.html