The forecasting record of CERA and other commentators

Central to the Peak Oil debate, is the ability of individuals to forecast the future, based upon information that is available to them today. Different people and organisations come up with different forecasts based on the same data. So how does anyone know who to believe?

Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA) in March 2006 presented a model for UK oil production capacity showing around 2,350,000 bpd for the UK in 2006. That's around 700,000 bpd higher than the actual production figure.

Where does the truth lie? A full review of CERA's and other UK oil production forecasts are dicussed under the fold.

One problem with forecasting World Peak Oil is the poor quality of data that is available from certain key areas such as the Middle East. Another problem, however, is the fact that industry professionals are able to draw quite different conclusions from the same data sets. I therefore feel that it is time to examine the forecasting records of some leading industry commentators.

Whilst there may be a fog swirling around the oil production and reserves data in certain parts of the world, this is not the case in the UK which has a comprehenisve production data set for all fields that is available on line. You may think therefore, that there might be a high degree of concordance between UK oil production forecasts for the coming years. This is not the case. Forecasts for 2008 oil production - that's just 2 years away - vary by up to 500,000 bpd.

Last week, I presented a detailed analysis of the history of UK oil production together with a forecast of future production to 2012 (Mearns2). So lets get down to the nitty gritty and see how forward production models recently presented by CERA, Kemp, Koppelaar and the UK Department of Trade and Industry compare with Mearns2 and the historic production data.

Summary of UK oil production models


Figure 1. Oil production models and forecasts for the UK. See here for further details. Other forecasts are discussed below. Click on chart to enlarge (applies to all charts).

Figure 1 summarises oil production models for the UK. I refer to these as models as the data from CERA and Kemp are lifted from conference presentations which cannot necessarily be viewed as formal forecasts. The thick red line represents actual UK oil production (crude+condensate+NGL), BP data 1999 to 2005. The actual 2006 figure is compiled from monthly DTI figures found here and here (XL spread sheet) and include figures from January to September. The foundation of the Mearns2 forecast was discussed at length in my post last week and this is used as a benchmark against which the other forecasts are compared. It is of course possible that Mearns2 falls wide of the mark, but if you wish to query the validity of Mearns2, please read the foundation article first.

A draft of this article was sent to Dr Peter Jackson (a Director of CERA), Professor Alex Kemp at the University of Aberdeen and to Rembrandt Koppelaar inviting them to comment. Jackson and Koppelaar responded and I have tried to incorporate their comments. Kemp did not reply.

CERA

In correspondence with Peter Jackson, he brought to my attention the fact that their UK oil forecast that was presented at the APPEX conference in London on 8th March 2006 had been revised in October and he sent me a copy (not for publication). One of the first points Jackson wanted to make was that CERA forecast "productive capacity" and not actual production.

"we are not projecting production but productive capacity - which will be a little higher than production in most cases. In the UK production gyrates with the maintenance season and we look at capacity as being nearer the winter 'production' highs."

"we include crude plus condensate and NGL's in the outlook."

And he then went on to say:

"I agree we were optimistic about the UK and this was dealt with in our last update in October. The UK declined rather more quickly than we expected last year - because of above and below ground factors."
"Overall our outlook will give a slightly optimistic view relative to absolute 'production' - we don't take account of some of the big (high risk) above ground risks that will impact production such as hurricanes and geopolitics -"
"Our numbers are calibrated against activity in a very detailed manner - for example we have a database of 400+ new projects expected onstream by 2010 and more generally we have access to IHS data. So we believe that the capacity trends we calculate are robust and that the absolute numbers are sound."

The CERA1 data are read from the chart shown in Figure 2 that was presented to the APPEX conference in a presentation titled "Factors Driving the Global Liquids Capacity Surge". The CERA2 data are read from a chart with the title "United Kingdom - struggling to stay still".


Figure 2. Oil production capacity model for the UK presented by Peter Jackson of CERA to the APEX conference in London earlier this year.

Figure 2 shows how the CERA forecasts are constructed from four basic elements:

FIP - fields in production
FUD - fields under development
FUA - fields under appraisal
YTF - yet to find

In order to disentangle all the lines shown in Figure 1, The CERA1 and 2 data are re-plotted in Figure 3.


Figure 3. CERA1 and CERA2 compared. The approximate consumption line is discussed here.

Some key observations:

  • CERA plot productive capacity

  • The CERA1&2 productive capacity data are concordant with actual production from 2001 to 2003 but track above it from 2004

  • The CERA1&2 curves are concordant with each other until 2004, thereafter they diverge significantly before converging again in 2010.

  • The 2006 productive capacity figure was adjusted down from around 2,260,000 to 1,850,000 bpd between March and October this year.

  • The CERA1&2 productive capacity forecasts track well above the Mearns2 forecast. By 2010 they are both around 560,000 bpd higher.

  • UK daily oil consumption, discussed here, is around 1,750,000 bpd, a fundamental difference, therefore between the CERA1&2 forecasts and Merans2 is that the former project to UK oil self-sufficiency until 2010 whilst the latter points to rising imports. This is no trivial matter for the UK.

So how is it possible for CERA and I to reach such different conclusions? CERA no doubt may point to the detail and "400 projects" included in their forecast. The claim of "very detailed" analysis needs to be considered in the context of their March forecast being around 700,000 bpd too high for this year. CERA themselves have acknowledged this problem and have revised their forecast downwards by 18% for the current year.

In a general sense, I see three main problems with how the CERA forecasts are constructed:

  1. The fields under development band runs at around 400,000 bpd in the interval 2007 to 2010 - and this is an appropriate figure. However, beyond 2010 these new fields will probably start to decline more rapidly than shown.

  2. Fields under appraisal are not yet scheduled to produce oil. When they become scheduled for production they become "Fields Under Development" and should in my opinion be shown as a continuation of FUD and not stacked on top.

  3. The same applies to Yet to Find. Once found, new fields will first be appraised before being developed. YTF should also in my opinion be shown as a continuation of FUD.

The CERA2 model shows around 200,000 bpd in the YTF class by 2010. This simply does not look feasible. When you consider that the already found Rosebank / Lochnager field, west of Shetland is unlikely to see first oil before 2010, it looks wholly inconceivable that 200,000 bpd of productive capacity could be built by 2010 for fields that have not yet been found.

Finally, I have a very substantial problem with the CERA2 forecast. The large downwards revision in October 2006 is in my opinion a significant step in the right direction. However, by 2010, the CERA1 and CERA2 forecasts are the same. In 2006 CERA2 has a much lower starting point than CERA1. Therefore, to reach the same point by 2010, CERA2 must be "more bullish" than CERA1.

So let's recall why CERA1 was revised downwards to CERA2 in the first place:

"I agree we were optimistic about the UK and this was dealt with in our last update in October. The UK declined rather more quickly than we expected last year - because of above and below ground factors."

Surely, the next logical step from here is to be more bearish about future prospects - not more bullish?

I've not managed to look in detail at how CERA get from 1 to 2 but I have compared the underlying decline - that is the projection of Fields in Production - and this is shown in Figure 4. The underlying decline rate for CERA1&2 are the same up until 2005, but from that point onwards they start to diverge (remember that the data are read from charts).


Figure 4. Comparison of the underlying rates of decline between CERA1 and CERA2. The data are read from charts.

CERA2 uses a lower rate of underlying decline than CERA1. The FUD, FUA and YTF bands in CERA1 and CERA2 look roughly the same - but these are stacked on top of a lower underlying decline rate. So, having just learned that the UK has declined more rapidly than expected, CERA then proceed to reduce and not increase the projection of that underlying decline.

Kemp

Alex Kemp is Professor of Petroleum Economics at the University of Aberdeen, and is highly respected and influential in this field. Strange then that his oil production model for 2007, is running at right angles to the oil production trend of the last six years (Figure 1). At the Oil Depletion Conference, hosted by the Energy Institute in London, November 2006, Professor Kemp presented a variety of oil, gas and total hydrocarbon models based on different economic assumptions. The one I have chosen for comparative purposes here is the $40 / bbl oil model (Figure 5) - conservative in today's terms.


Figure 5. One of several oil production models presented by Kemp to The Oil Depletion conference in London earlier this year (pdf of presentation)

In discussion at this conference Professor Kemp dismissed what he called "single line" forecasts, referring to Hubbert linearisation and depletion analysis and scoffed at the notion of peak oil. He seemed to view the current low level of UK oil production as due to unscheduled maintenance shut downs.

What's OK with the Kemp model?

  • The 2006 production number lies close to the actual figure - though as already mentioned Kemp's trend is going up, while the actual trend is going down.

  • The underlying decline rate from 2009 to 2012 averages 16%, which if anything would lead to underestimation of future production.

What's wrong with the Kemp model?

  • In 2004, 2005, the Kemp trend lies parallel to the actual production trend, but is displaced about 200,000 bpd below it - this looks odd.

  • Kemp shows a massive reversal in the underlying decline from the actual figure which is minus 13% per annum for the last 6 years to underlying growth of +15.6% from 2006 to 2007.

  • This combined with "incremental growth" points to 2007 UK production of 2.0 million bpd. This is over 300,000 bpd higher than the Mearns2 forecast and sets the scene for forward inflation of UK oil production which in my opinion is never likely to occur.

  • From 2007 onwards there are multiple layers of "Potential Oil Production" such as "incremental; future incremental; technical reserves and new exploration" that are built upon the underlying decline curve. The net result is that by 2012, Kemp has 600,000 bpd more production than Mearns2 (that is 60% higher).

As already mentioned, the Kemp production line falls close to actual for 2006, and this makes it difficult to simply dismiss the Kemp model - he is after all the recognised expert in the field of UK oil and gas forecasting. And so we will need to wait a year or so to see if Kemp's model is validated.

Some of Kemp's forecasts are presented and discussed on the DTI web site and for those who are interested I have been invited to present the Mearns2 forecast to the same forum next month.

If UK oil production comes anywhere near to 2 million bpd average in 2007 then I will accept that I have been wrong, offer my appologies to those who I have criticised and will resign as an Oil Drum contributor. This will be a clear signal that forecasts of an imminent peak in global oil production are unfounded and I will seek gainful employment else where.

Euan Mearns theoildrum Dec 2006.

Koppelaar

Rembrandt Koppelaar, Chairman of ASPO Netherlands and TOD Europe contributor sent me his preliminary UK oil forecast which is shown in Figure 6.


Figure 6. Forecast from Rembrandt Koppelaar. The blue slice representing new fileds under development are the same fields used to develop the Mearns2 forecast.

Note that Koppelaars preliminary forecast has been updated since the summary chart I presented last week was prepared. The main difference is that the underlying decline has been raised from 9 to 11.5%.

Koppelaar's preliminary forecast falls close to, but just above Mearns2. This is not surprising since I used Koppelaars data base of new field developments to compile Mearns2. Koppelaar tracks above Mearns2 because the underlying decline rate I used was 13% as opposed to Koppelars 11.5%

There is little material difference between these two forecasts.

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

The DTI forecasts were the subject of an earlier post and I do not intend to go into detailed discussion here. It suffices to say that the DTI provide a forecast range that is based on data returned to them by the operating companies.

The upper forecast falls between CERA and Kemp and therefore in my opinion is a gross overestimate of what is likely to come to pass based on assessment of current data.

The lower forecast falls close to Mearns2 and not surprisngly is in my opinion rooted in the reality of oil production decline that is partialy offset by sparse new field developments.

The $ value difference between the upper and lower DTI forecasts at $60 / bbl is $68 billion between 2006 and 2011.

Mearns2

The ink on Mearns2 is barely dry but it is already in danger of looking over-optimistic. September oil production is up from the August lows but the prospect of reaching 1.67 mmbpd in 2006, the starting point for Mearns2, is looking increasingly remote.

Several commentators (the DTI, Chris Skrebowski and Rembrandt Koppelaar) have all pointed out that the Rosebank / Lochanager project is not likely to start before 2010 - the likelihood of delays were noted in my earlier post, and this would further reduce forecast production between 2008 - 2010.

To offset possible delays with Rosebank / Lochnager, a good friend and senior industry advisor suggested that a growing number of small projects may provide a significant boost in the years ahead.

Khebab has pointed out I should use logistic and not exponential decline - next time maybe.

Hubbert linearisation

For those not familiar with Hubbert Linearisation (HL) it is a technique that uses historical production data to indicate the ultimate recoverable oil reserves (URR) for a country or sedimentary basin. This technique has been discussed at length on TOD by Khebab, Stuart Staniford and others. A brief overview is provided by Wolf at the Door.

The UK has an unusual production history with twin production peaks giving rise to two linear decline legs to the HL. The projection to URR provided by the Mearns2 and Kemp forecasts are shown in Figures 7 and 8. I have not shown the CERA2 forecast because HL is only applicable to real production and not to productive capacity. Nevertheless, performing HL on CERA2 provides a similar conclusion to Kemp.


Figure 7. HL forecast for Mearns2 points to a URR above 28Gb but probably less that 30Gb


Figure 8. HL forecast for Kemp points to a URR well over 35Gb

As of the end of 2005, UK cummulative production was around 24Gb. By 2012, the Mearns2 shows cummulative production of 27.4Gb and this would suggest that the UK North Sea would be reaching the end of its productive life based on URR less than 30Gb. Kemp shows 28.4Gb cummulative production with over 7 billion barrels still to go based on URR over 35Gb.

Impact of oil price and economics

Certain observers seem to be bemused by the fact that high oil price and high activity levels in the North Sea have not managed to stem the oil production decline in the UK and Norway. They fail to recognise that high oil prices are caused by falling production in mature areas like the North Sea. In London, Kemp was keen to promote the role of economics in production forecasting. So here's a couple of economics observations.

Thanks to Nick Rouse, who pointed out here, that massive rises in oil industry expenditure over the past 5 years have by and large been swallowed by rising costs. This issue was recently covered by Dave Cohen in his post on Investment in Oil Exploration and Production - An above ground factor.

With respect to the ability to massively increase drilling activities, this article in the Canadian Globe and Mail digs out of the biannual IEA report that the vast increase in the money invested by the international oil and gas companies over the last 5 years, $340 billion, a 70% increase, has resulted in only a 5% increase in real terms, the rest being swallowed up by inflation. This increase in drilling only yielded a 2% increase in production.

It is also important to note that since the $10 / bbl oil price lows of 1998, the UK rig count has been tracking sideways. $78 / bbl for oil earlier this year has not significantly influenced the number of drilling rigs operating in the UK North Sea.


Figure 9. UK oil rig count from Baker Hughes. Since the oil price low of 1998, the number of oil rigs operating in the North Sea has been tracking sideways

The reason for this I believe is straightforward. The oil price is high everywhere, the UK and Norway are past peak production, and oil companies are drawn to areas where both exploration and production growth prospects are better than in the North Sea. In this respect, high oil prices may in fact have worked against the North Sea, with new rigs being attracted to more prospective areas while oil prices and drilling costs have soared.

Decommissioning

Finally, it is worth looking at this rather sobering chart from the DTI that shows planned decommissioning activity in the UK North Sea. Thanks once again to Nick Rouse for bringing this to my attention.


Figure 10. Decommissioning schedule for the North Sea as published by the DTI.

It has to be expected that continued high oil price may delay this decommissiong schedule. The emphasis here is on delay as with ageing infrastructure and falling production, the sun has begun to set on the North Sea.

Summary

The UK oil production forecasts discussed here fall into two groups. One group comprising Mearns2, Koppelaar and the "DTI lower" are very similar to each other and point to UK oil production continuing to decline in the years ahead and the UK importing increasing amounts of oil.

The other group comprising CERA2, Kemp and the "DTI upper", sees UK oil production increasing in the years ahead and the UK remaining more or less self sufficient in oil.

One final comment from Peter Jackson

"anyone who thinks they can get this kind of work accurate to +/-50kbd is dreaming and when you go out 5 years there are so many variables that a deteministic approach has to be couched in a description of the uncertainties"

I happen to agree with that, there are many uncertainties in this world today. I will nevertheless revisit this subject around every 6 months to see how the various forecasts stand the test of time.

Euan Mearns
TOD Europe Contributor

I'd like to thank Peter jackson and Rembrandt Koppelaar for providing helpful comments and background information.
Very interesting post.  I sincerely hope you won't fall on your sword if you get something wrong;  I don't recally Yergin, Lynch or the unlamented Odell doing so, and they get paid better :-) :-) ;-)
... and will resign as an Oil Drum contributor.

There was once an engineer who said: "at the end of the race it doesn't matter if you win or lose, it's what you learn that counts".

I make mistakes all the time, so I hope you reconsider those words, acknowledging one's errors and learning from them is what matters. But then again 2 Mb/d....

therefore between the CERA1&2 forecasts and Merans2 is that the former project to UK oil self-sufficiency until 2010 whilst the latter points to rising imports.

On current growth rates CERA's forecasts can only maintain UK self-sufficient for no more than 5 or 6 years.

This is a great post Euan, and the due acknowledgments to Mr. Jackson for his collaboration.

In sympathy, if production reaches 2 Mbpd again I will eat my hat. This is no mean claim for a man living in Edinburgh with winter closing in.
Euan, congratulations for an outstanding post!
Khebab has pointed out I should use logistic and not exponential decline - next time maybe.

I have put the results of the Logistic/Loglets modeling on my blog:

The Loglet Analysis Applied to the United Kingdom's Oil Production

The loglets model suggest a higher decline rate in the future (Ultimate decline rate at 22%).

I have to go for now, more comments later.

Khabab, Thanks for your input.

One thing I've been looking at visually is how the underlying rate of decline fans towards steeper values with time.  So I had already reckoned that using 13% which is the underlying rate now, is probably an underestimate for the future.  However, with actual decline running at around 7.6%, that growing to 22% seems a lot.


I made a mistake in my post above, the ultimate decline rate is in fact K/2 (and not K) which gives 11% (and not 22%).
The next generation of Brits thanks you and forgives you.
This makes me think that we have a "mirror" to WT's "export land" model.  Perhaps he has mentioned it already.

Jeffery Brown (aka WT) we need an import land model as well.  If the UK is going to increase the ammount of imported oil it needs to even maitain the status quo....

Is anyone else frighten by this stuff?  This looks like it could get very ugly very quickly to me.  

I look at all the homes, apartments and town houses around Portland, OR all heated by nat. gas or electric(48% coal fired)-
No trees for fuel, no land to grow food, and ton's of people hooked on electronic toys.
The perfect storm...

DelusionaL:  Think regionally, man.  I'm not saying things are in good shape at all here in Portland, but there is vibrant regional agriculture, reasonable mass transit, urban growth boundaries having contained sprawl better than most places in the US, a fairly aware citizenry (well, less bad than many other places, shall we say), fairly high social capital (recall TOD discussions of this about four months ago).  There's also fairly high regional identity in Cascadia, something Bob Shaw has pointed to in the past.  This is a resource, and it's manifested in many forms, some obviously green but others flying under different colors ("don't Californicate Oregon", etc.).  
given the average decline rate of the above figure (over the last 6 years) of 13%, does anyone know how a prediction of 9% decline can be made? - thats a 30% decrease in decline rate, and from smaller fields which, as has been pointed out on several occasions, have a faster decline rate.

also (i don't think i have the numbers to plot the above graph myself) could someone plot what the general decline rate vs time has been, and extrapolate that to the future?

Andrew - sorry for getting you confused here.  The chart above does not show the 48 new fields that have been brought on since 2000.  If you include the new fields, the underlying decline rate is reduced from 13% to and actual rate of 7.6% as shown below.


What Khebab is saying is that his modelling suggests the actual decline may accelerate to 11% from 7.6%.

Hi Khebab  (and the group -this is one of the best researched sites I have found, the depth of some of these analysis is breathtaking),

Some financials.

If this loglet curve is accurate then before 2010 Gordon Brown -the new PM- will have a budget gap of:

=((Use - Production) * No. of days in a year * per barrel price) / $ to £ ratio
=((1,750,000-750,000) * 365 * 60 ) / 2
=approx -£11 Billion  / year  (Logistics curve gives approx -£3B)

That's a big difference (Cost of current usage is around £20B)

As Oil gets scarcer / more expensive importer countries will increasingly have to devote more and more of their budgets to these increasingly expensive oil imports. If the rest of the economy is unable to make up the difference (and bear in mind the UK is highly service / finance dependant -something that is likely to be badly hit) this will lead to severe hard times.

I went shopping for Christmas gifts at the local Mall the other day -people where spending like there is no tomorrow -and they're right!!

Regards, Nick.

Nick,  I touch on the cost of oil imports in this earlier post:

http://www.theoildrum.com/story/2006/9/17/135527/399

I have been reviewing commentary on many websites for a while about 'Peak Oil' and it is difficult to know which arguments deserve credence.  I have to congratulate Mr Mearns on his analysis, his arguments appear balanced and he has invited others to put forward their arguments.  He explains clearly why he is not convinced and ends with his 'I will eat my hat' statement.  It is disappointing to read that others are now saying that they hope that he will not carry this through.  This undermines his whole point i.e. that others' predictions are hopelessly over-optimistic.

If you are wrong then yes you should stop commentating on this subject, resign your position, your research is not up to scratch!  Should you be correct then your opposition have no other recourse than to do likewise.

Thats excellent. Instead of letting CERA get at us - get on them and check their track record. A nice counter-debate, I'd call it. Its gonna be real interesting to see the CERA figures in only 6 months time - still wrong? corrected? why?
Fantastic that Jackson goes into the debate!
Did anyone pick up on this? CERA appear to have mixed up a few numbers. I wonder what else they got mixed up ;)

CERA's Tango with Peak Oil


I still don't really get what productive capacity means? To me it looks like theoretical optimal production? Or is that not a good comparison? Has Jackson ever stated why they use productive capacity instead of real capacity?
Perhaps productive capacity is a fudge factor that is the excuse of their figures not matching the real figures. But if their figures are guaranteed to be completely inaccurate, why do companies pay good money for those figures?

How can any energy business, with a straight face, predict UK's oil production will average 2.35 mbpd for 2006, when figures for Jan and Feb are both well under 2.0 mbpd. When August's figures of 1.2 mbpd were announced, then you need one month of 3.5 mbpd to get back to 2.35 mbpd over the year.

Surely companies that buy CERA's figures and analysis want accurate numbers. When CERA state that UK oil production will average 2.35 mbpd for 2006, that must raise eyebrows with the buying companies analysists. And if it doesn't, perhaps CERA could publish its client's names so that ordinary investors can short their client's companies stock. If the clients can believe those numbers, then they can obviously believe anything can be true that costs large amounts of money to buy. If I were an investor in those companies I would want the chief executive to sack anyone who authorised large payments for Scotch Mist.

That's a good question. CERA say they are not predicting production, but "capacity to produce". i.e. potential production. That is perhaps sensible, given uncertainties in things like rig availability, political events (the above-ground stuff), although potential production is obviously a best-case scenario. I would always prefer to see people put upper and lower limits on their predictions.

However, they make the qualification that "many significant risks to production capacity loom on the horizon, but these are largely above-ground risks."[1] So they haven't excluded above-ground risk from potential capacity - they are talking about potential of potential capacity!

Now, I think at this point they diverge from a credible prediction. The way they use the term "productive capacity" in their reports is essentially synonymous with production. Basically they are presenting a doubly optimistic case, but with a convenient escape clause if they are wrong.

(1) The Oil Industry Growth Challenge: Expanding Production Capacity

That's a good question. CERA say they are not predicting production, but "capacity to produce". i.e. potential production. That is perhaps sensible, given uncertainties in things like rig availability, political events (the above-ground stuff), although potential production is obviously a best-case scenario. I would always prefer to see people put upper and lower limits on their predictions.
The worst-case scenario could be the yellow line that Euan put on his first chart (no field improvements and no new field additions). That would give us an uncertainty interval of almost 1.25 mbpd around the current value of 1.5 mbpd (i.e. 83% uncertainty!). You realize how optimistic is a best case scenario once you see the width of the uncertainty interval.
Figure 2 shows how the CERA forecasts are constructed from four basic elements:

FIP - fields in production
FUD - fields under development
FUA - fields under appraisal
YTF - yet to find

Funny, with CERA using "capacity to produce", it sounds more like the other kind of FUD - Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt

Bob et al, CERA's full presentations often give both figures (capacity & production) though the "mine is bigger than yours" rhetoric means that only the latter figure gets published in news releases.  This is about poor reporting ... not poor predictions.

As we watch all the forecasts from the 70's, 80's & 90's, there have been major changes in trends.  In the early 80's, IEA was predicting lower supply in the future (1995 & Y2K).  This was based on an assumption that hydro-elec & nuclear power generation would dominate in the overall energy mix.  When the treehuggers quashed that momentum, it was necessary to ramp up oil supply in a major fashion to meet projected energy demand.

Now that nuclear is back on the table and payback efficiencies are being attained with wind, solar etc etc, we can see the scaling back once again of oil.  Clean coal has also presented new opportunities.

But getting back to forecasting, while the optimists were as high as 160-mdb for some bold Outlooks, the Peakists have been just as drastically wrong when we look back at the tops forecast for 1996, Y2K, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 & 2005.  All wrong.  And all with Peak rate targets betwen 58-mbd to 84-mbd that have been blown away.

MSM cannot presently identify a spokesman for Peak Oil.  And with all the noise at TOD, it sure as hell ain't here in its present format.  IMHO, the weekly specialty articles should be data based and the subjective arguments that inflame should be dumped from allowability.  Much like the RealClimate disucssion forum.  I do not visit Drumbeat often and i consider this domain the venue for the blowhards, thoughts for the day & current events.

Back to the Peak spokespersons, we have seen their credibility dashed due to a combination of poor forecasting or forecasts that don't reflect any longer the imminency of the problem.  To wit, not one of the 13 Oil Depletion forecasters is presently seeing a Peak before 2010.  Not one.  Well that sure back burnered this topic for the MSM.  And rightfully so.

I have mentioned before that the poor forecasts are more a reflection of the methodology.  The conservative approach.  This approach in its present form cannot reflect the 236-Gb/yr growth of URR since Y2K.  It cannot even rationalize the 63-Gb growth in URR over the last 50 years!  In some cases, it does not even acknowledge certain magnitudes of URR.  Consequently, the most conservative forecasts must be continually revised upwards ... and that brings us where we are today:  Nobody with credentials and data that can justify the doomster camp at TOD and elsewhere.  Lotsa blowhards.  None with data.

You see, once they take the time to acquire the data ... they find the other guyz were right!!  Sucks, eh.          

"You see, once they take the time to acquire the data ... they find the other guyz were right!!  Sucks, eh."
Future forecast is difficult business. But why you think other guys were right? Please provide the data.
The World Bank, DOE, IEA and Lynch data look more like demand forecasts increasing at the rate of the last 25 years which is around 1.1 mmbpdpy (million barrels ber day per year).  And as Freddy already pointed out Campbell 1991 and 1997 got it wrong.

The core debate revolves around the World's "capacity" to continue to meet demand growth forever - with many of the prime assets now used or in decline.

The UK was once a part of the solution, being a significant oil exporter.  Today, the UK is having to import oil from a shrinking number of countries that still have oil for sale.

Hutter:
You forget that URR does not equal production due to costs of developing fields can rising much faster than the market price of oil.  Look at Canada's tar sands: a couple years ago price of oil had to be $23 per bbl for profitable production.  Now Shell's project requires $45 oil price.  Should this trend continue some of Canada's Alberta oil projects may never be produced as costs (oil production plus associated environmental) may exceed market price.
Good insight. It becomes the equivalent of trying to push a rope.
You forget that URR does not equal production due to costs of developing fields can rising much faster than the market price of oil.

I think this is a fundamental point which is often overlooked. When oil companies, analysts etc say "economically recoverable at $X" they assume costs will be the same as current costs. You might think that obviously they factor in some cost inflation, but if you read the analysis closely they say things like "costs have risen unexpectedly". Predicting costs  is next to impossible anyway, oil price itself is a proportion of costs, plus you need to predict future demand etc.

Diminishing returns is the characteristic feature of the logistic curve. So costs will rise above past trends. Therefore the equation is at least something like recoverable at $X * a, where a is dependent on oil price.

"Engineers are always being to optimistic in their cost projections, therefore I multiply their numbers by Pi", says Norwegian innovations expert Gustav Ring. His view is supported by Professor Ch. Freeman at Science Policy Research Institute, University of Sussex, who has shown that the costs of military innovations tend to be 3 times that of the original forecasts.

Now, the Norwegian oil sector has had some enourmous cost overruns, but so far none of them has approached Pi. Consistent with your argument I would expect cost overrruns to approach Pi in the future.

I am not sure where u get your info.  Why would Shell have developed if the price was only $23/barrel at that time.  Ridiculous.  Utilis Energy has been tracking the tar sands costs and have reported publicly that the cost/barrel has steadily dropped from $30/barrel in 1985 to $14/barrel in 2003.  In situ is even less...

Where are your refernces so we can compare?

Of course, according to EIA, first 9 mos of 2005 were higher total liquids production than the first 9 mos of 2006, despite the Sept 2005 hurricane loss. I know this doesn't mean 2005 was the peak, but it has not been close to being blown away, even if IEA numbers are right.

Your reserves are bull.

You didn't address the production figures or discussion above at all.

You are big with straw man arguments, but don't think we buy them.

As we watch all the forecasts from the 70's, 80's & 90's, there have been major changes in trends.  In the early 80's, IEA was predicting lower supply in the future (1995 & Y2K).  This was based on an assumption that hydro-elec & nuclear power generation would dominate in the overall energy mix.  When the treehuggers quashed that momentum, it was necessary to ramp up oil supply in a major fashion to meet projected energy demand.

Consider this:

There are many myths about who killed nuclear power in this country. Blame is put on the accident at Three Mile Island in 1979, which certainly added to the attacks on the industry, but was not a decisive factor. Blame is put on the American public, which supposedly became anti-nuclear (although, except for a small vocal minority, this has never been the case). The claim is made that nuclear is inherently just too expensive to use, but, in fact, it was a coordinated assault by Wall Street and its foot soldiers in the environmentalist movement that drove the costs up.

Look at figure 2 (the article quotes the Atomic Industrial Forum):

t is a myth that the accident at Three Mile Island in 1979 caused the demise of the nuclear industry. As can be seen here, the number of new nuclear plants ordered reached a high of 35 in 1972, and then collapsed to zero after the "oil crisis" of 1973.

From Who Killed U.S. Nuclear Power?

The nuclear lobby is trying to resurrect nuclear power thanks to the "oil fear factor", but an oil shock that causes a recession also has the effect of depressing energy consumption, and it seems that that is what happened with the nuclear industry in the US.

But getting back to forecasting, while the optimists were as high as 160-mdb for some bold Outlooks, the Peakists have been just as drastically wrong when we look back at the tops forecast for 1996, Y2K, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 & 2005.  All wrong.  And all with Peak rate targets betwen 58-mbd to 84-mbd that have been blown away.

You know, this really doesn't bother me. Due to the nature of the methodologies, early peakers make estimates that err on the conservative side, whereas optimists err on the high side.

Pre-peak, while production is still rising, the peakists wll likely be proved wrong. Actual production will tend to oustrip estimates, because of factors unaccounted for. Peakists are continually having to revise estimates upwards, until the peak is upon us.

Post peak, with production declining, the optimists will be proved wrong. Production will fall short of estimates, closer to the peakists estimates. Optimists will be  continually revising their estimates downwards.

In 100 years time, when we tally up the count, I would bet that the number of wrong estimates will be about even on both sides. I also wager that the average estimate will be pretty close to actual peak. It is just a feature of the arrow of time that we get to verify the peakist estimates first.

Freddy - the parable of the boy who Cried Wolf is pretty much on everyone's mind here.  The point of course is that one day a wolf did come.  So just because folks like Campbell got their sums and timing wrong in the past doesn't mean to say that he and others like him will always be wrong.

So the substance of the debate really is how someone like you can draw such different conclusions from the same data as someone like me.

Your comment about CERA also reporting actual production forecast figures is noted. However, in this case Peter Jackson had ample opportunity to provide this information, and if it exists, I would have preferred him to do so - because that would remove one layer of complexity from the debate.

The issue of reserves growth is I believe a substantial one - so you can look forward to a series of articles on this topic from Rembrandt in the coming weeks.  I've made this point to you before that I suspect that reserves growth is an "up-curve" phenomenon whereby companies tended to under-estimate reserves in giant fields for a variety of reasons - poor technical understanding of giant field reservoirs, desire to be conservative for investment purposes, concealing an embarrassment of riches from host governments - to name but a few.  The situation now, I believe may be the exact opposite, where oil companies struggling to replace their reserves, are tending to over state the case. The Chinguetti Field in Mauritania being a good example. I believe this could be the Achilles heal at the core of your current line of argument.

Of the various scenarios for the UK I presented here, I'd be interested to know which one you believe is likely to be most reliable?  Who knows, maybe we can have a bet on this.

[tongue in cheek]

I wonder if anyone can tell me what the point of all this analyis is? -Sorry if it's too dumb a question but I only found out about the concept of Peak Oil a few months ago and so back then I was just like 99% of the population...

It seems to me that there are two camps -and I have no idea how big they are- but they represent say 1% of people talking about this stuff on a regular basis. Some possible reasons for 'hard work and effort' (and there is a lot going on here!):

On the Pro Peak side (0.5%):
Start doing something about it?  Try and motivate popular support in order to influence government policy? Or just scare the bejeezers out of people? :o)

On the Peak is a far-way place side (0.5%?):
Make Peakers eat their words by pointing to the 'no cliff reached yet' sign year on year...

(In the Middle) BAU (99%)
Spend and consume like there's no tomorrow. Worry about 101 other things (the list seems to grow by the week).

Happy Christmas -Regards, Nick.

[/tongue in cheek]

We won't "feel" the cliff until it is in our rear view mirror.
Nick - why do we do this?  Good question.  To start with I wanted to learn about and understand the problem - was it real or not?  Then I wanted to try and find out what I could do to presrve my own self interest - investments, family etc.  And in in doing all this I got sucked in to doing research and developed a desire to try and sway political and public opinion.
How the heck do you measure capacity to produce? Does it mean that you have an infinite number of drill rigs available? Infinite amount of money?
I don't know why CERA choose to forecast productive capacity as opposed to production.  In the UK Jackson says that productive capacity will lie closer to the winter highs when platforms are producing flat out.  In the summer time production is often shut for planned maintenance.


The amplitude between summer low and winter high is currently around 300,000 bpd in the UK - so actual production will lie somewhere between the highs and the lows and I'd guess that "productive capacity" will run around 100,000 bpd above actual production.

In the UK context productive capacity is a near meaningless concept IMO.  Maintenance work just has to be done and the case never arises that all fields get to produce all the time for 12 months.  If they did - then the decline rate would accelerate.

IMO, in the UK, the huge gap between the CERA2 forecast and Mearns2 cannot be closed using the productive capacity scape goat.

For many years, ME OPEC countries did maintain spare capacity - and in that context, estimating spare capacity is a valuable measure - but only if this is done objectively.

Going back to the UK, there's no good saying we could produce a lot more oil if we had 50 more FPSOs (floating production ships) because we just don't have them.

It's analogous to being a project manager and giving a project estimate based not on what you can reasonably expect to accomplish, but rather upon what you could do if nothing went wrong, nobody slept, etc.
In other words, CERA's reply is "stuff and nonsense" meant to confuse anyone not familiar with the realities of North Sea oil production. Why does this not surprise me?

Euan, you are to be commended for your work but I have concluded that entities like CERA are as intellectually dishonest as the climate change deniers who are paid by fossil fuel producers as well.

Interesting to see something a bit closer to home discussed.

Having used IHS data / CERA estimates over the last ten years, I just thought I'd add a comment on productive capacity.

It is an extremely odd measure when forecasting production and an over simplificatin which I am very surprised they make. (very).

General practise would be to take productive capacity on a platform level and then assume an availability (say 80-90%) and use that for the forecast. No-one uses capacity in such a naive way, CERA should know better!

Second comment - on Rosebank dev in the West of Shetlands. One of the discussions seems to be start up date. I think this is over optimistic - a commercial reserve base has not been proven yet - though appraisal drilling is under way at the moment. Rosebank is remote and may not prove commercial at all.

Lastly - above ground factors - in my view CERA / IHS typically assume far to optimistic development times from discovery to onstream. Particularly in today's market, if all projects are simply stacked, this would result in a structural error in the forecast, by bringing on many projects too soon. It is likely that their project database is quite representative of industry activity, but projects will on average deliver later than they expect - lowering any peak and smearing the production increase over a longer time (and probably making the forecast look rather like yours!).

Crafty - I think the one relevant capacity factor is that for the UK service industry to role out new projects - limited by the number of ships and people with the right skills.  On average new projects are getting smaller and more marginal, so you get less return from your new project deployment infrastructure with time.
So what you're suggesting is instead of just applying an avaialability factor for fields in production, you also apply a factor on time to start-up of new projects. I think this is a good idea though harder to model.

The basic approach I would take is to take a new project database and add 3-5 yrs for discoveries (bigger = longer delays as more complex and thus requires more contractor capacity), 2 yrs for fields under appraisal.

One thing also to think about is whether the contractor capacity problem is going to solve itself. For drilling rigs this may well occur by 2010 due to all the new builds, though probably not other segments which are skills / people constrained.

I think we do know why they did that.
Because it makes their predictions unfalsifiable.
It appears the graphic and the table in CERA's presentation transposes the numbers for the amounts of oil in "yet to be discovered" and "conventional."  

"Convential Resources" resources in the table is 1,070 Bn barrels while in the graphic 1,080 bn barrels are in the "yet to be discovered" catagory.

"Exploration potential" resources in the table are 758 Bn barrels while in the graphic "From Conventional Sources" resources are 760bn barrels.

Both numbers of potential resources sums exactly to 3.74 trillion barrels.

Blame a non-attentive analyst.

Thank you Euarn for another great article. Also thank you for getting Peter Jackson to explain how his company arrives at its figures. I am very impressed with CERA's ability of getting large sums of money from clients. I wish I could run a scam like that, but I couldn't keep a straight enough face when explaining those numbers to clients.
No scam here. The clients, xom and sa, I presume, realize the enormous difficulty of refuting po, and are quite happy that cera, against all odds, continues to get excellent publicity for its optimistic views in spite of their appalling record.  Cera has managed to keep the press mostly away from po issues... what is this worth to their paymasters? If cera was paid based on its past successful predictions, they would be bankrupt long ago.

Looking at cera's recent predictions is just giving them endless new chances. Better to look at their past predicitons, eg falling ng prices in 2000, falling oil repeatedly.  How about a study that stacks up their predictions over the past decade?

It's already been done.  The chart has been at our website for 2 years.  It shows predictions from 1991 to 1996.  The optimists vs the Peakists.  Guess who screwed up?  TrendLines gets visitors from 90 nations presently.  If u have a chart that shows a different success rate, i'd consider posting it.  But we've looked at hundreds of scenarios from over the decades and u have a huge task.
The topic here is specifically cera. True, they haven't been wrong yet on po, but their prediction of 2030 is pretty far out. Meanwhile, why not post what cera's wins and losses have been over the past decade, and let us decide how well they have performed?
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I have a simple request.  If someone can show me a HL plot demonstrating a large producing region--say at least 15 Gb--that demonstrated a sustained 30% P/Q intercept after the region has peaked and started a terminal decline, I will quit complaining about the "Two UK HL Models."  

The only reason to do an HL plot is to derive a Qt estimate, which is a mathematically derived estimate of URR.  I am not aware of a single instance of a large region showing a sustained P/Q intercept with anything remotely approaching 30%.  

Jeffery,
The opposite to your export land we need an "import land" model.  How to cover the gap in falling internal production...

yikes...

Since 1990, total US petroleum imports have been growing at close to 5% per annum, because of falling domestic consumption and increasing consumption.

In 2006, these same two factors were at work in Saudi Arabia, leading to my estimate of a year over year decline in net exports of 13% (12/05 to 12/06).  

What the biggest importer wants to import is increasing.  

What the biggest exporter can (IMO) export is falling.

When a country like the UK slips into Import Land status because of falling domestic production, the only way for imports not to increase is if the volume of the domestic production decline is offset, barrel for barrel, by a decrease in consumption.  And this has to happen every single year going forward.  In other words, if imports are not going to to up, domestic consumption has to track the decline in domestic production.  Which leads to the Export Land question:  If everyone is becoming a net importer, who is exporting?

BTW, still waiting for an example of a long term 30% P/Q intercept case history.  If there are no examples of a large producing region showing a long term P/Q intercept in the 30% range, which is it shown on UK HL plots?
Jeffrey - this is not the thread to discuss this, the HL's presented here I believe illustrate a point that I presume we both agree on.  At some point either myself or Khebab will go through all countries' HL and get back to you.
Euan,

Khebab has already noted that a 30% P/Q intercept falls in the "noise" section of a HL plot.  As such, it has no relevance in trying to derive a Qt estimate.

In regard to the long term reliability of the HL method, Khebab has addressed this.  The Lower 48 and Russia are the two largest regions that are well advanced along the linear HL progression.  These two regions have jointly accounted for about one-third of all of the oil produced to date worldwide.

Khebab took just the production data through the Lower 48 and Russian 50% of Qt marks, and predicted the post-50% of Qt cumulative production for each region.  Through 2004, the post-50% Lower 48 cumulative production was 99% of what the HL model predicted, and the post-50% Russian cumulative production was 95% of what the HL model predicted.

My North Sea (crude + condensate) HL plot showed that the North Sea peaked at the same point as the Lower 48,  and that the total North Sea is about 70% depleted.

That's around 700,000 bpd higher that the actual production figure

Please excuse my pedantry about a minor typo, but it jumped into my eye. Shouldn't it be "higher than .."? (don't know if that can be re-edited. The excellent article deserves it.

Fixed.  :)
Euan,

Thanks for the detailed discussion.

One point I'm confused about. You talk as if the UK may be a net oil importer this year, and the previous import/export post you've linked to also holds out that possibility. You seem to be basing this on a reported domestic oil use vs domestic production.

However, the actual recorded data are available in the UK trade stats, and these show that the UK became a net oil importer in 2005 (even HM Treasury states that UK became importer in 2005 - it's in black and white in the pre-budget report). In 2006 the situation has deteriorated, particularly in Q3.

Data: UK Trade Statistics Sept 2006 Table A11

Million tonnes: Exports/Imports/Bal


2005    50.51/54.05/-3.54
2006 Q1 12.57/13.71/-1.14
2006 Q2 12.09/13.73/-1.64
2006 Q3 10.29/14.87/-4.58

(Pre-release Oct stats show 3.21 exports, 4.16 imports)

So, UK has imported 7.36m tonnes in first 9 months of 2006.

Am I missing something?

Hello FTX - here's my provisional answer.

There's two ways of looking at the consumption balance - one is what we produced relative to what we consumed.  The other is to compare exports and imports.  I have done the former based on the BP statistical review data, whilst the data you present are determined using export / import balance.

Looking at Table A11 you'll see that our oil exports (tonnes) have been falling since 2001 and our imports have been rising.  There is actually quite a large two way trade indicating two things perhaps - some of the foreign operating companies are repatriating oil to their homeland refineries (compensated by the UK importing from else where) and we are perhaps exporting and importing particular grades of crude for refinery tuning purposes.  There is also a third  item here which are oil products (refined products). The fourth item that may need to be considered in balancing the trade equation would be stock draws.

So this is a good way of estimating oil and products trade but perhaps not the best way of getting at an oil trade balance.

Having said that I have to admit that using the BP data in the way I have done could be over-simplified.  The production data should be quite straight forward, but I am left wondering how the oil consumption figures are measured.  If these reflect gross consumption then I am on firm ground.

In talking to the DTI my understanding is that the UK became a net importer of oil fourth quarter 2005 (though I may have to check that), and that we are importing significant volumes this year. So looking at the trade balance figures of -£2229 for 2005 and -£2063 for jan to sep 2006 I would hazard a guess that these figures may not be a fair reflection of the underlying oil trade balance.

I need to state that these are provisional comments.  If you want me to look into this further then please say so.  This is interesting stuff - so thanks for your comment.

Euan

Euan,

Thanks for your response. I can see the distinction you're making, and I'm not asking you to look into it further.

So this is a good way of estimating oil and products trade but perhaps not the best way of getting at an oil trade balance.

My only reservation with this is that the same argument could equally apply to the US, in which case you're saying the EIA import/export data isn't necessarily representative of the US oil trade balance (the US trade data from the BEA uses SITC commodity definitions and the data closely match that of the EIA).

Speaking of the pre-budget report, it was notable that Gordon Brown had to raise taxes and will be borrowing more to cover a projected £3 billion shortfall in oil taxation receipts in 2007 and a further £4 billion in 2008-2010. It seems production declines/delays are taking everyone by surprise...

Thanks again for your time and effort on this post.

Euan- great post. In Australia we have the same problem with Govt forecasts. The Govt economic department ABARE made an estimate of Aust oil exports for the financial year 2005-06 of A$8.5 billion. They made this estimate in December 2005 (link http://www.abareconomics.com/corporate/media/2005_releases/12dec_05.html )- ie half way through the financial year. Nine months later they reported that the actual export figure was aonly A$6.6 billion, ie a drop of 22% (link http://www.abareconomics.com/interactive/ac_sept06/htm/oilgas.htm).
ABARE has consistently denied peak oil, but surely this result from 2005-06 (like the UK) shows the problem, where Australia's aging oil fields peaked in 2000 and are declining at about 15% per annum. ABARE does have an interesting list of oil and gas projects projected for Aust- http://www.abareconomics.com/publications_html/minerals/minerals_06/me_projectionsoct06.xls
Because of a mismatch between the light crudes we produce and the refining setups, we import about 70% of our finished products and export a similar figure of our production. A recent Govt enquiry had the Geoscience dept admitting at present consumption rates, Aust has only 5-7 years of oil production left. WestTexas can add Australia to his 'export land' model as well.
Great southern - thanks for this - the middle link has some nice charts which are worth a look - which I couldn't grab.  In particular the WTI v ME spare capacity chart - currently runing at 2 mmbpd - I wonder how they work that out?

Has to be noted that the BTC pipeline will be ramping towards its 1 mmbpd capacity - so this will be one reason for OPEC needing to cut back.  But all the while, decline of thousands of old fields going on everywhere is the greasy pole that the oil industry currently clings to.

Euan, ABARE seems to just mimick the IEA data, seem to have no capacity of their own. Thy are planning on putting in place a new 2-person data unit to look at 'future energy supplies', ie peak oil. My favourite line from their Director during the recent Senate enquiry into Australia's oil supplies (he was an economist- now left) was: "If the price of eggs was high enough, even the roosters would be laying"! In other words, even if PO was true the price would drive the development by markets of alternatives.
Normally, that would be an ironic remark. But since he was an economist, he might actually believe it.
Anything can happen when ...

Pardon. I think I laid an egg.
Very nice post Euan. A thing that has always struck me about their Figure 2 is that it shows FUA contributing from 2005 on (arguably from 2004 depending on whether one interprets the graph as a statement about monthly or annual numbers). Given that they have used this figure in both 2005 and 2006 reports, it's always seemed obviously wrong, or at best outdated, on its face. Since it takes, at an absolute bare minimum, 18 months, and usually much longer, for an offshore field to go from assessment to production, there's no way FUA should contribute appreciably to production until at least two years from the time of the report. Hence this figure can't have made sense since at least 2003. But they keep using it.

This kind of blatant (and repeated!) error makes one less sanguine about the usefulness of the big database of projects they supposedly rely on.

Euan;

Amerada Hess Triton FPSO ship is offline till Feb 2007, this production ship produces 105k bbl/day They were in Teeside getting retrofitted top sides, new equipment etc. Then over to Aberdeen for further fitting. I believe is been offline for most of the year.

This is one official fact over looked and may contribute to the charts decline in the UK field.

Rolling Start sched:

The Triton in detail

Regards oilcan

Oilcan - thanks for that - Triton offline would perhaps help explain why production has fallen so much this year.

Can you explain what the rolling start schedule is?

Stuart - that's pretty much as I see it.  The FUA are known discoveries, some of which will be developed in the future.  And new fields will be found and developed in the future (YTF).  IMO, both of these (FUA and YTF) should be rolled out as a continuation of the 400,000 bpd FUD strip from 2010.  In order to maintain this FUD strip at 400,000 bpd it is necessarry to be continually adding to it, because many new fields today are tiny third tier assets with limited life span.
An a UK expat, this is interesting stuff.  I have just gone back and reread the whole post.  I am blown away by the quality of the writing and exhibits (also true of many other posts and posters).  This is dry, complex material that you have turned into an enjoyable, easy read for this non-expert.  Thank you, very much.
In your first chart, there are 12 colors shown in the legend at the right, but only 11 lines on the chart.
Specifically, "Projection of Future Decline Based on Actual Decline = 7.6%" is missing.
Halfin - the thin blue line (Mearns1) and the mauve line (7.6% decline) lie on top of each other.
"Basically they are presenting a doubly optimistic case, but with a convenient escape clause if they are wrong."

This surely is the job of the consultant , to take a simple task and make it more complex. The concept / axiom / assumption of production capacity - apparently undefined in a verbal, arithmetical, analytical or mathematical sense is meaningless. Production is ultimately a single, useable, acceptable (by all) single figure which can eventually be quantified. Production capacity is a Humpty Dumpty word as my nanny used to say.

Imagine such a term or concept being used in, (say) a forecast of housing in the UK, we have the land, the materials and 500,000 Polish builders so "Production capacity" is (virtually) infinite.

Snide remarks about econometricians apart, FTX puts his finger on the key point Imports exceed Exports and result in a net (and evidently rising) cost to UK PLC.

Brown's prestidigitation in the December statement only serves to emphasise the rapidly developing black hole (notwithstanding the theft of £400Mn per month £5Bn annually caused by VAT fraud on a monumental scale) which he is so desperately attempting both to explain away and to conceal.