Predicting the Weather, Corn, Ethanol and Oil Production

News of the future was, in my youth, something that one found by crossing the palm of a lady in a dark tent with a piece or two of silver (or the modern equivalent) at one of the fairs that came to town. Such opportunities still exist, with all the caveats that existed back then likely still being in force. However, projecting the future, whether of the weather, the likely corn crop this year in the United States, or the production of crude oil by the nations of the world has become a much bigger business with copious tables, graphs and theories replacing the rather worn pack of cards or crystal ball of my youthful experience.

Our part of the world underwent a drought last year severe enough to kill several trees in our yard, for example, as well as hurting the corn crop. This year, corn plantings have been severely impacted by the heavy rains and cold weather, so that decisions on crop plantings have become more complicated and delayed, with follow-on impacts on the ultimate yield in a number of Midwestern states. Corn yield apparently falls at an average rate of 2.3 bushels per acre per day of delay in northern Wisconsin. These changing conditions make it difficult to assess how much ethanol, for example, will be available to meet demand, although the latest EIA TWIP holds out some optimism for this year.

The impact of the drought on corn prices, and the consequent fall in ethanol production, as production costs rose, are directly visible from their plot of the two over the last year.


Figure 1. A comparison of corn prices and ethanol production in the USA (EIA TWIP )

However, with the weather impacts still being assessed, it is already being concluded that the US corn crop is unlikely to reach the record level of close to 14.6 billion bushels that were earlier projected. It still, however, has the potential to reach around 12.3 billion bushels, which would satisfy the just under 5 billion bushel need for ethanol, as well as other demands of the market. By May 12 only 28% of this year's expected crop had been planted, in contrast with a normal year where 65% would be in the ground. Thus, even the relatively short-term projections of the EIA could yet be in trouble for this year.

Moving to the slightly longer-term, the nations that form OPEC must try to estimate global demand for their products and the amount that other non-OPEC nations will produce, so that they can balance supply and demand at such a level that will sustain prices they are comfortable with. Their estimates come out as Monthly Oil Market Reports and in the latest (May) version they continue to expect global demand to increase by 0.8 mbd over 2013, but are beginning to hedge that bet as the global economy continues to appear anemic, with Russian and Asian economies slowing. Yet by the fourth quarter of the year, they anticipate that global demand will reach 90.9 mbd.


Figure 2. Global oil demand by region (OPEC MOMR)

OPEC anticipates that with the major increase coming from the Americas, that non-OPEC oil production will increase by just under 1 mbd to reach an a level of 54.41 mbd in the fourth quarter of the year. The majority of that growth (some 0.59 mbd) will come from the United States, with the Permian, Bakken and Eagle Ford being cited as the anticipated source of these gains. OPEC, having looked at current rig counts, project that these numbers may be revised upwards over the course of the year. And yet it is worth noting this:

On a quarterly basis, US oil supply is seen to average 10.62 mb/d, 10.67 mb/d, 10.62 mb/d and 10.61 mb/d respectively.

The sustained gain in North American production comes about because:

On a quarterly basis, Canada’s production is anticipated to average 4.02mb/d, 3.97 mb/d, 4.02 mb/d and 4.12 mb/d respectively.

Russia is expected to continue to lead in oil production over the course of the year, although it is not longer expected to increase production above current levels.

On a quarterly basis, Russian oil supply is seen to average 10.45 mb/d, 10.43 mb/d, 10.43 mb/d and 10.43 mb/d respectively.

And this brings us back around to OPEC as they try and balance their production against the gap between global demand and non-OPEC supply. As has been the case for a while, OPEC produced two separate tables showing production, as reported by secondary sources as well as those directly reported by the countries themselves.


Figure 3. OPEC member production as reported by secondary sources (OPEC MOMR)


Figure 4. OPEC member production as reported directly (OPEC MOMR)

It would appear with Manifa coming on line, that Saudi Arabia is increasing production again, while Venezuela and Iran would have you believe they are producing more than they are, and Iraq, which is now producing above 3 mbd, is directly reporting less (though that could be because some of that production is coming from the north, and there are some communication problems between there and Baghdad).

As long as OPEC has available reserves, it can continue this balance to keep enough oil available at an acceptable price to allow the world economy to continue at its present pace. And with that ongoing adjustment available, their projections for this year of a relatively stable price would seem fairly founded, absent some major change in one of the larger producing states.

Iraq overtook Iran as the second largest producer in OPEC last year (according to secondary sources) and expects that with production from Majnoon, it will increase production capability by upwards of 200 kbd by the end of the year. Ultimately the goal is to achieve a target production of 1.8 mbd. However, as overall production levels increase, Iraq may join with the Kingdom in controlling production to maintain price.

Yet even with those abilities, OPEC is becoming cautious about predicting that their estimate of the demand:supply balance numbers for this year will be accurate over that time interval.

With these uncertainties in even short-term projections of future production, whether it be corn, ethanol or crude, it is perhaps wise to continue a somewhat cynical view of projections over a longer time period. Although the bounding bar of a decline in existing field production continues to exist, and will continue to require an offset in increased production from new wells to offset. Perhaps that lady in the tent of my youth may prove as prescient as some of the more optimistic forecasts that we continue to see.

Corn ethanol production and associated subsidies can be considered one the most representative example of our time stupidity.

- subsidies require a prior choice to be set up, the choice being "this is a good thing to do"
- It is very easy to get these choices/decisions wrong
- is it necessary to remind that subsidies come from somewhere ?
- volume based taxes on fossile fuels do not have this problem
- however they do favour any "solution" making sense, be it on conservation or alternative "production" side

- not to increase govnmt budget, in parallel taxes on work can be lowered

- doesn't mean that strategical thinking on common infrastructure and other things shouldn't exist

We can grow corn for feed and food then use the stalks and cobs to make ethanol or synthetic fuel. There are solutions to situations but we refuse to use any of them.

Maybe someone can enlighten me. I thought I heard on the news that last years drought was not as bad as it could have been due to a good supply of grain stocks.

I tried to do some research and all I found was a post on this website

The reduction of corn use for ethanol production and wheat use for feed contributed to an abrupt pause in the growth in global grain consumption, which over the past decade averaged close to 40 million more tons per year. January 2013 estimates by the U.S. Department of Agriculture put 2012 global grain consumption at 2,284 million tons, down 27 million tons from 2011. Even with the drop in use, global grain production fell short of consumption by 43 million tons.

Global grain consumption has exceeded production in 8 of the last 13 years, leading to a drawdown in reserves.

Looking forward, the 2013 winter wheat crop could be in trouble because of droughts in the United States and in the Black Sea region. And while the heart of the Corn Belt has received some precipitation since the baking summer, soil moisture remains low and could possibly hinder spring planting, further tightening the corn situation. This is bad news when strong harvests are needed to rebuild stocks and to help stabilize prices.

If grain production once again suffers problems this year we could be looking at a variety of negative consequences.

As a child during the 30's I spent a few weeks every summer at my grandfather's 160 acre farm between Columbia and Kansas City. He was a scientific farmer often concerned about crop rotation, what seeds to use etc. Predicting weather was primitive. It included a barometer, sight and smell, as well returning home from the fields at lunch to listen to radio reports. Earlier days on that farm were documented by my mother's sister Loula Grace Erdman, especially in her book Life Was Simpler Then.

The vacuity of making biofuel from grain could be highlighted by a possible world shortage of grain by year's end. Grain not only directly supplies gluten protein and carbs but helps feed that finger lickin' chickin. In Australia big areas of wheat have been planted without enough soil moisture to germinate. The hope is that decent rain will fall between now and July. If not stored US corn could help out with grain shortages in other countries. That may be more important than happy motoring with ethanol.

Don't worry Boof! NASA's has come up with a solution...

NASA awards grant for 3-D food printer; could it end world hunger?

...Contractor says one of his primary motivations is a belief that food will become exponentially more expensive in the near future. The average consumer, he told Quartz, will need a more economically viable option.

Some alternative food source options that may be used with the printer include algae, duckweed, grass, lupine seeds, beet leaves and even insects, according to TNO Research, which is working with Contractor on the project.

“I think, and many economists think, that current food systems can’t supply 12 billion people sufficiently,” said Contractor. “So we eventually have to change our perception of what we see as food.”

Really?!

just need fusion or those handy dandy giant orbiting solar collectors

and each of us can have an 'replicator' err... I mean '3D printer' in our galley.

12 billion? ... could be a bit a bottleneck before the star trek tech catches up to population change... 'pends on the weather I guess.

In the US, about 20% of corn production is utilizes irrigation:

Introduction

Because irrigated corn yields are almost 30 percent higher than non-irrigated yields, irrigated corn accounts for nearly 20 percent of total U.S. corn production while occupying only 15 percent of acres (USDA, 2007). This illustrates the importance of irrigation to U.S. corn production.

Much of the irrigated corn is cultivated in the semiarid Great Plains region (Musick and Dusek, 1980), with corn occupying more irrigated acres in this area than any other crop (Norwood, 2000). However, recent concerns have been raised regarding declining surface and groundwater supplies (Clark et al., 2002) and increased pumping costs (Norwood and Dumler, 2002) in this region.

For this reason, improving management practices under declining water supplies is critical for sustaining irrigation water resources. This article highlights irrigation practices and other agronomic management strategies to help maximize grain produced for each increment of limited irrigation water applied.

http://www.thecropsite.com/articles/765/corn-irrigation-practices-with-l...

Periods of drought increase irrigation requirements, and reduce water table replenishment. It doesn't take a math wiz to figure out were this leads. Seems a bit like EOR in the oil patch; improving short term production will result in a faster long term decline, while society gets more invested in higher levels of output.

Yes
No going back it seems.

Wonderful scholarship and history and a whole chapter on Ogallala aquifer in this book.

Water is the limiting factor for agricultural land use in the Great Plains. Low rainfall defines the region...

but the ancient aquifer is already partly drained

"... the Southern Plains ... through 1960 a reversion to dry cropping or pasture began ... solution built on technology, a cash economy, and imported supplies of energy was only temporary"

More than one limiting factor involved of course -

They applied manure as it was available, rotated legumes when it was convenient. But they had no strategy for the very long term. By the 1930s, Rooks County fields had been planted, cultivated, and harvested sixty times without rest. Soil nitrogen was about half what it had been at sod-breaking and crop yields declined steadily. And now no western frontier remained. From the vantage of 1930s, crop agriculture in Kansas does not appear very sustainable. All the arable land in Rooks County - and in the nation for that matter – had been identified and plowed. Soil nitrogen and organic carbon drifted steadily downward, and with them yields and profits. Faced with this dilemma, farmers implemented a dramatic innovation in soil nutrient management. Rather than adopt one or more of the ancient strategies, farmers (and the industrial nation behind them) created a new option. They appropriated abundant cheap fossil-fuel energy to import enormous amounts of synthetically manufactured nitrogen onto their fields. …”

page 219, ‘On the Great Plains: Agriculture and Environment’, Cunfer 2005; preview in googlebooks